This is a presentation dealing with the Construction And Design Of A Multi storied Residential Building. It covers the step by step information about how the construction process actually takes place at a site. So if you are keen to know more about the construction details just download this ppt.
Read more...This presentation covers the details about how a waste product – flyash can be used in many civil engineering works. This not only will help in reducing the cost but will also provide a much cleaner and healthier environment. This presentation was made by Er. Gobind Khurana and Er. Kanwarjot Singh.
Read more...The Presentation by students of Thapar University on City Planning.This presentation was made by the 3 students :- Divya Aggarwal,Mayank Grover And Me.We tried to cover all aspects of city planning in this presentation.The pictures in this presentation are little blurred but yet this can be very useful for students who want to know about the city planning details.
Read more...Main Concept
Fulfillment of human needs for:
· Safe and clean environment
· Food & Shelter,
· Education,
· Arts
· Culture,
· Useful and satisfying employment
Objectives
The Concept of GIFT is based on the following objectives :
· To develop a new format for globally benchmarked Integrated City.
· To propose a road map for fast track development and implementation.
· To make the city scalable in each & every aspect for a distant future.
· To derive the city format from fast changing lifestyles & new technologies.
· To achieve an image of Global city, that keeps pace with modern technologies.
Urban Planning
GIFT promises to be a Central Business Hub, not just for India but also for the rest of the world. Bestowed with world class infrastructure, it is poised to set a new paradigm of Urban Planning. The development of GIFT offers a significant opportunity to be a testbed to drive reforms and innovation in various fields including in delivery systems, local government, physical
planning, infrastructure development, environmental protection and so on. Getting these foundation principles right is crucial to plan and execute the development strategies.
Life and Livability/Ecological Integrity
Propelled by a competitive economy anchored on commerce and related industry, GIFT, envisaged as an EcoCity, will serve as the Vibrant Hub of Western India and as a habitat showcasing business oriented, environmentally sensitive growth with equity. The fundamental principles of life and livability lays the foundation for the city.
Transit Oriented Development (TOD)
Transit oriented development (TOD) shall be concentrated near transit nodes to make travel convenient for people and serve as multimodal transport. Each transit node also offers hotel & office with commercial facilities. It shall enhance walk to work concept.
Here is the proposed plan:
1. Diamond Tower
The tallest tower is located in splendid isolation on the beautiful Fortune Island surrounded by beautiful landscape. The Diamond Tower symbolizes Gujarat’s flourishing diamond industry. Designed to portray the elegant edges of diamond facets, each floor of the tower is different and yet uniquely forming one large diamond.
Plot Area (Sq.Mt) – 28,628
Total Area(Sq.Ft) – 4,286,056
Above Ground – 2,721,372
Below Ground – 1,564,684
Max. Height (in meter) – 410
Max. No. Floors – 84
2. The two Gateway Towers
The tall archways of the Gateway Towers frame the majestic Diamond tower and create a picture perfect setting. Astride the main avenue of the city, the Gateway Towers have elaborate terrace gardens and rooftop restaurant. The Gateway Towers draw this design inspiration from Buland Darwaja and herald India’s arrival in the new millennium.
Plot Area (Sq.Mt) – 39,864
Total Area(Sq.Ft) – 7,682,282
Above Ground – 5,356,978
Below Ground – 1,827,624
Max. Height (in meter) – 350
Max. No. Floors – 83
3. Cocoon Tower (Package T)
A city within a city. One Big organism is what the design metaphorically represents. The design inculcates the notion of a micro system existing in the macro system. The analogy of human body with all its various system of substance the organs, blood vessels, breathing and metabolism system has been interpreted to device the system for the “City Life Body” of blocks.
Area – 14.43 Acres
Height – 220 m
Floor - 56
4. Naga Tower (package O)
The Guardian of the city. Naga a powerful symbol in India finds a re-interpretation in these buildings. Truly a magnificent first in the world.
Area – 10.6 Acres
Height – 230 m
Floor – 54
5. Convention Center
It has several halls, auditorium and an opera with sitting capacity exceeding 10,000. It’s design is inspired by Salt Crystals and Dandi March. It will also have Eight museums showcasing the history, art, culture and socio economic life of Gujarat.
Plot Area (Sq.Mt) – 214,550
Total Area(Sq.Ft) – 6,938,554
Above Ground – 3,606,348
Below Ground – 2,997,165
Max. Height (in meter) – 65
Max. No. Floors – 16
We are thankful to Mr Aakar Shah who contributed this informative article to this website.
Below is the list of some of the coolest buildings of India. The infrastructure is on boom now and we expect more of such buildings to come up soon.
1) i-flex solutions, Bangalore
Located at C.V Raman Nagar Bangalore, i-flex building has a peculiar design, architecture and superb infrastructure which distinguishes it from the other buildings . i-flex solutions is a world leader when it comes to provide solutions for Financial Sector.
2) Signature Towers, Gurgaon
Signature Towers have become the best designed office complexes in India due to its unique identity. It has a neat design and is equipped with the latest state of art technology and this is the prime reason that most of the leading multinational and Indian companies have chosen to operate their businesses from Signature Towers. The perfect location just a few hundred meters off the National Highway 8 in Gurgaon adds to the value of these towers.
3) Adobe-India’s Headquarters
Adobe-India’s Headquarters is located at NOIDA, a suburb of New Delhi. It is on an independent plot with a total carpet area of 2,00,000 square feet.In keeping with the spirit of Adobe the innovative design and bright colors characterize the new complex reflecting the vibrant and fun filled work environment. The building has state of art system for Engineering services and hence effectively combines the latest in technology with simply no- fussy, comfortable and conveniently designed work spacesAdobe building.
4) Gateway Tower Gurgaon
Gateway Tower as is appropriately coined, acts as the gateway to the 3000-acre landmark city of DLF. This 12-storey complex is spread across an area of 1.15 acres.With its ship-like shape, Gateway Tower presents futuristic architecture, which is also reflected in its interiors with floor plates measuring to 85,000 sq.ft. The unique feature of this complex is its high visibility and compact office space. The tenants comprises of Ariba, Planet Sports, Corning, Cargill, Innodata, Korn and Ferry, GE Plastics to name a few.
5) Gigaspace IT Park Pune
Gigaspace IT Park in pune comprises state-of-art Intelligent Buildings that incorporate up to date technology, which creates a healthy, more productive and energy conserving work environment, critical factors in a 24×7x365 work scenario.The buildings also conform to Vaastu Shastra norms. A key feature is a great number of buildings, each with and optimum plate area. The buildings vary from 60,000 sq.ft to 150,000 sq.ft. with floor plates of 12,000 to 30,000 sq.ft.
6) HSBC Building Pune
HSBC in Pune has a team of 1400+ professionals operating from a state-of-the-art building in Kalyani Nagar, which has become a landmark in Pune due to its surroundings, ambience and international work culture.GLT is expanding its infrastructure with an adjacent building to cater to the expected growth in the current year.
7) Infinity Towers, Kolkata
Located at Rajarhat in New Town, Kolkata; DLF IT Park is designed by the renowned architect Hafeez Contractor.With a super area of 1.3 million sq.ft, this complex of three independent towers and a retail complex is built around a large landscaped garden.It has large, efficient floor plates, wide column span and high floor-to-floor clearances. With a premium building finish and a combination of attractive glass facade, stones and metal panels, the buildings will stand out as the new generation workplace. The design ensures that while the retail complex provides the facilities for the office area, it does not impinge on the office area by virtue of its clearly separated traffic flow.
8 ) Infosys Multiplex, Mysore
A key highlight of the Mysore campus is the multiplex and auditorium complex which has a capacity of 1,300.The complex also houses 3 multiplex theatres with a capacity of 150 seats each.
9) Statesman House, Delhi
Statesman House is located in Barakhamba Road in the middle of Connaught Place and is one of the most imposing structures in Delhi.It’s a huge circular building and is quite majestic. Statesman House recently received occupation certificate and has found takers from the banking, finance and insurance sectors.
The compact hydraulic excavator can be a tracked or wheeled vehicle with an approximate operating weight of 13,300 pounds.Normally, it includes a standard backfill blade and features an independent boom swing. The compact hydraulic excavator is also known as a mini excavator.
A compact hydraulic excavator is different from other types of heavy machinery in the sense that all movement and functions of the machine are accomplished through the transfer of hydraulic fluid.The work group and blade are activated by hydraulic fluid acting upon hydraulic cylinders.The rotation and travel functions are also activated by hydraulic fluid powering hydraulic motors.
Most types of compact hydraulic excavators have three assemblies – house, undercarriage, and the work group.
House
The house structure contains the compartment for the operator, engine compartment, hydraulic pump and also the distribution components. The house structure is attached to the top of the undercarriage via swing bearing. Along with the work group, them house is able to rotate upon the undercarriage without limit due to a hydraulic distribution valve that supplies oil to the undercarriage components.
Undercarriage
The undercarriage of compact excavators consists of rubber or steel tracks, drive sprockets, rollers,idlers, and associated components and structures.The undercarriage is also home to the house structure and the work group.
Work group
The work group consists of the boom, dipper or arm, and attachment. It is connected to the front of the house structure via a swinging frame that allows the work group to be hydraulically pivoted left or right in order to achieve offset digging for trenching parallel with the tracks.
Independent boom swing
The purpose of the boom swing is for offset digging around obstacles or along foundations,
walls, and forms. Another use is for cycling in areas that are too narrow for cab rotation. Another major advantage of the compact excavator is the independent boom swing.
Backfill blade
The backfill blade on compact excavators are used for grading, leveling, backfilling, trenching, and general dozer work. The blade can also be used to increase the dumping height and digging depth depending on it’s position in relation to the workgroup.
The most common place you’ll find compact excavators is in residential dwellings. When digging phone lines or other things, these pieces of equipment are very common for getting between houses. Due to their small size, they can fit almost anywhere.Over the years, the capabilities for compact excavators have expanded far beyond the tasks of excavation. With hydraulic powered attachments such as breakers, clamps, compactors and augers, the compact excavator is used with many other applications and serves as an effective attachment tool as well. Serving many purposes, the compact excavator is a great addition to any job that requires the use of machinery.
A crane is a tower or derrick that is equipped with cables and pulleys that are used to lift and lower material. They are commonly used in the construction industry and in the manufacturing of heavy equipment. Cranes for construction are normally temporary
structures, either fixed to the ground or mounted on a purpose built vehicle.
They can either be controlled from an operator in a cab that travels along with the crane, by a push button pendant control station, or by radio type controls. The crane operator is ultimately responsible for the safety of the crews and the crane.
Mobile Cranes
The most basic type of crane consists of a steel truss or telescopic boom mounted on a mobile platform, which could be a rail, wheeled, or even on a cat truck. The boom is hinged at the bottom and can be either raised or lowered by cables or hydraulic cylinders.
Telescopic Crane
This type of crane offers a boom that consists of a number of tubes fitted one inside of the other. A hydraulic mechanism extends or retracts the tubes to increase or decrease the length of the boom.
Tower Crane
The tower crane is a modern form of a balance crane. When fixed to the ground, tower cranes will often give the best combination of height and lifting capacity and are also used when constructing tall buildings.
Truck Mounted Crane
Cranes mounted on a rubber tire truck will provide great mobility. Outriggers that extend vertically or horizontally are used to level and stabilize the crane during hoisting.
Rough Terrain Crane
A crane that is mounted on an undercarriage with four rubber tires, designed for operations off road. The outriggers extend vertically and horizontally to level and stabilize the crane when hoisting. These types of cranes are single engine machines where the same engine is used for powering the undercarriage as it is for powering the crane. In these types of cranes, the engine is normally mounted in the undercarriage rather than
in the upper portion.
Loader Crane
A loader crane is a hydraulically powered articulated arm fitted to a trailer, used to load equipment onto a trailer. The numerous sections can be folded into a small space when the crane isn’t in use.
Overhead Crane
Also refered to as a suspended crane, this type is normally used in a factory, with some of them being able to lift very heavy loads. The hoist is set on a trolley which will move in one direction along one or two beams, which move at angles to that direction along elevated or ground level tracks, often mounted along the side of an assembly area.
In the excavation world, cranes are used to move equipment or machinery. Cranes can quickly and easily move machinery into trenches or down steep hills, or even pipe. There are many types of cranes available, serving everything from excavation to road work.
Cranes are also beneficial to building bridges or construction. For many years, cranes have proven to be an asset to the industry of construction and excavating. Crane operators make really good money, no matter what type of crane they are operating.
Mohammad Khan
M-15 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
As per IS 10262-2009 & MORT&H
A-1
Stipulations for Proportioning
1
Grade Designation M15
2
Type of Cement OPC 53 grade confirming to IS-12269-1987
3
Maximum Nominal Aggregate Size 20 mm
4
Minimum Cement Content (MORT&H 1700-3 A) 250 kg/m3
5
Maximum Water Cement Ratio (MORT&H 1700-3 A) 0.5
6
Workability (MORT&H 1700-4) 25 mm (Slump)
7
Exposure Condition Normal
8
Degree of Supervision Good
9
Type of Aggregate Crushed Angular Aggregate
10
Maximum Cement Content (MORT&H Cl. 1703.2) 540 kg/m3
11
Chemical Admixture Type Superplasticiser Confirming to IS-9103
A-2
Test Data for Materials
1
Cement Used Coromandal King OPC 53 grade
2
Sp. Gravity of Cement 3.15
3
Sp. Gravity of Water 1.00
4
Chemical Admixture Not Used
5
Sp. Gravity of 20 mm Aggregate 2.884
6
Sp. Gravity of 10 mm Aggregate 2.878
7
Sp. Gravity of Sand 2.605
8
Water Absorption of 20 mm Aggregate 0.97%
9
Water Absorption of 10 mm Aggregate 0.83%
10
Water Absorption of Sand 1.23%
11
Free (Surface) Moisture of 20 mm Aggregate nil
12
Free (Surface) Moisture of 10 mm Aggregate nil
13
Free (Surface) Moisture of Sand nil
14
Sieve Analysis of Individual Coarse Aggregates Separate Analysis Done
15
Sieve Analysis of Combined Coarse Aggregates Separate Analysis Done
15
Sp.Gravity of Combined Coarse Aggregates 2.882
16
Sieve Analysis of Fine Aggregates Separate Analysis Done
A-3
Target Strength for Mix Proportioning
1
Target Mean Strength (MORT&H 1700-5) 25N/mm2
2
Characteristic Strength @ 28 days 15N/mm2
A-4
Selection of Water Cement Ratio
1
Maximum Water Cement Ratio (MORT&H 1700-3 A) 0.5
2
Adopted Water Cement Ratio 0.5
A-5
Selection of Water Content
1
Maximum Water content (10262-table-2) 186 Lit.
2
Estimated Water content for 25 mm Slump 135 Lit.
3
Superplasticiser used nil
A-6
Calculation of Cement Content
1
Water Cement Ratio 0.5
2
Cement Content (135/0.5) 270 kg/m3
Which is greater then 250 kg/m3
A-7
Proportion of Volume of Coarse Aggregate & Fine Aggregate Content
1
Vol. of C.A. as per table 3 of IS 10262 62.00%
2
Adopted Vol. of Coarse Aggregate 65.00%
Adopted Vol. of Fine Aggregate ( 1-0.65) 35.00%
A-8
Mix Calculations
1
Volume of Concrete in m3 1.00
2
Volume of Cement in m3 0.09
(Mass of Cement) / (Sp. Gravity of Cement)x1000
3
Volume of Water in m3 0.135
(Mass of Water) / (Sp. Gravity of Water)x1000
4
Volume of Admixture @ 0% in m3 nil
(Mass of Admixture)/(Sp. Gravity of Admixture)x1000
5
Volume of All in Aggregate in m3 0.779
Sr. no. 1 – (Sr. no. 2+3+4)
6
Volume of Coarse Aggregate in m3 0.507
Sr. no. 5 x 0.65
7
Volume of Fine Aggregate in m3 0.273
Sr. no. 5 x 0.35
A-9
Mix Proportions for One Cum of Concrete (SSD Condition)
1
Mass of Cement in kg/m3 270
2
Mass of Water in kg/m3 135
3
Mass of Fine Aggregate in kg/m3 711
4
Mass of Coarse Aggregate in kg/m3 1460
Mass of 20 mm in kg/m3 1051
Mass of 10 mm in kg/m3 409
5
Mass of Admixture in kg/m3 nil
6
Water Cement Ratio 0.5
We are thankful to Er. Raj M. Khan for sharing this information with us on engineeringcivil.com. We hope this would be of great significance to civil engineers.
Mohammad Khan
M-30 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
As per IS 10262-2009 & MORT&H
A-1
Stipulations for Proportioning
1
Grade Designation M30
2
Type of Cement OPC 53 grade confirming to IS-12269-1987
3
Maximum Nominal Aggregate Size 20 mm
4
Minimum Cement Content (MORT&H 1700-3 A) 310 kg/m3
5
Maximum Water Cement Ratio (MORT&H 1700-3 A) 0.45
6
Workability (MORT&H 1700-4) 50-75 mm (Slump)
7
Exposure Condition Normal
8
Degree of Supervision Good
9
Type of Aggregate Crushed Angular Aggregate
10
Maximum Cement Content (MORT&H Cl. 1703.2) 540 kg/m3
11
Chemical Admixture Type Superplasticiser Confirming to IS-9103
A-2
Test Data for Materials
1
Cement Used Coromandal King OPC 53 grade
2
Sp. Gravity of Cement 3.15
3
Sp. Gravity of Water 1.00
4
Chemical Admixture BASF Chemicals Company
5
Sp. Gravity of 20 mm Aggregate 2.884
6
Sp. Gravity of 10 mm Aggregate 2.878
7
Sp. Gravity of Sand 2.605
8
Water Absorption of 20 mm Aggregate 0.97%
9
Water Absorption of 10 mm Aggregate 0.83%
10
Water Absorption of Sand 1.23%
11
Free (Surface) Moisture of 20 mm Aggregate nil
12
Free (Surface) Moisture of 10 mm Aggregate nil
13
Free (Surface) Moisture of Sand nil
14
Sieve Analysis of Individual Coarse Aggregates Separate Analysis Done
15
Sieve Analysis of Combined Coarse Aggregates Separate Analysis Done
15
Sp. Gravity of Combined Coarse Aggregates 2.882
16
Sieve Analysis of Fine Aggregates Separate Analysis Done
A-3
Target Strength for Mix Proportioning
1
Target Mean Strength (MORT&H 1700-5) 42N/mm2
2
Characteristic Strength @ 28 days 30N/mm2
A-4
Selection of Water Cement Ratio
1
Maximum Water Cement Ratio (MORT&H 1700-3 A) 0.45
2
Adopted Water Cement Ratio 0.42
A-5
Selection of Water Content
1
Maximum Water content (10262-table-2) 186 Lit.
2
Estimated Water content for 50-75 mm Slump 160 Lit.
3
Superplasticiser used 0.5 % by wt. of cement
A-6
Calculation of Cement Content
1
Water Cement Ratio 0.42
2
Cement Content (160/0.42) 380 kg/m3
Which is greater then 310 kg/m3
A-7
Proportion of Volume of Coarse Aggregate & Fine Aggregate Content
1
Vol. of C.A. as per table 3 of IS 10262 62.00%
2
Adopted Vol. of Coarse Aggregate 62.00%
Adopted Vol. of Fine Aggregate ( 1-0.62) 38.00%
A-8
Mix Calculations
1
Volume of Concrete in m3 1.00
2
Volume of Cement in m3 0.12
(Mass of Cement) / (Sp. Gravity of Cement)x1000
3
Volume of Water in m3 0.160
(Mass of Water) / (Sp. Gravity of Water)x1000
4
Volume of Admixture @ 0.5% in m3 0.00160
(Mass of Admixture)/(Sp. Gravity of Admixture)x1000
5
Volume of All in Aggregate in m3 0.718
Sr. no. 1 – (Sr. no. 2+3+4)
6
Volume of Coarse Aggregate in m3 0.445
Sr. no. 5 x 0.62
7
Volume of Fine Aggregate in m3 0.273
Sr. no. 5 x 0.38
A-9
Mix Proportions for One Cum of Concrete (SSD Condition)
1
Mass of Cement in kg/m3 380
2
Mass of Water in kg/m3 160
3
Mass of Fine Aggregate in kg/m3 711
4
Mass of Coarse Aggregate in kg/m3 1283
Mass of 20 mm in kg/m3 924
Mass of 10 mm in kg/m3 359
5
Mass of Admixture in kg/m3 1.90
6
Water Cement Ratio 0.42
We are thankful to Er. Raj M. Khan for sharing this information with us on engineeringcivil.com. We hope this would be of great significance to civil engineers.
Concrete mix design – M70 grade of concrete provided here is for reference purpose only. Actual site conditions vary and thus this should be adjusted as per the location and other factors.
A. Design Stipulation:
Characteristic comprehensive Strength @ 28 days = 70 N/mm2
Maximum size of aggregate = 20 mm
Degree of workability = Collapsible
Degree of quality control = Good
Type of exposure = Severe
Minimum cement content as per is 456-2000
B. Test data for concrete ingredients
Specific gravity of cement = 3.15
Specific gravity of fly ash = 2.24
Specific gravity of microsilica = 2.21
Setting time of cement initial = 165 min, final = 270min
Cement compressive strength =
39.0 N/mm2 @ 3 days
51.0 N/mm2 @ 7 days
64.2 N/mm2 @ 28 days
Specific gravity of coarse aggregates (ca) and fine aggregates (fa)
20 mm 2.729
10 mm 2.747
R/sand 2.751
C/sand 2.697
Water absorption
20 mm 1.540, 10mm 1.780, R/sand 3.780, C/sand 4.490
Characteristic strength @ 28 days 70 N/mm2
Target mean strength : Depend upon degree of quality control “good” and considering (std. Dev.As 5 N/mm2)
Characteristic strength given by the relation 70 +(1.65 *5 ) = 78.25 N/mm2
C. Quantities of ingredients (By Absolute Volume Method )
Actual cement used = 486 kg/cum
Actual fly ash used = 90 kg/cum
Actual microsilica used = 24 kg/cum
W/C fixed = 0.26
Absolute volume of cement = 0.154
Absolute volume of air = 0.02
Absolute vol of water. = 0.156
Absolute vol of fly ash. = 0.040
Absolute vol of microsilica = 0.011
Total volume of CA and FA used = 1.00-(0.155+0.044+0.022+0.02 +0.154)
= 0.619 Cum
D. Aggregate percent used.
20 Mm = 24, 10 mm = 36, r/sand = 20, c/sand = 20
(2.729*0.24) + (2.747*0.36) +(2.751* 0.20 )+(2.697*0.20) *0.619*1000
405+612+340+334=1691
Aggt: cement = 2.82 : 1
Mix proportion = 0.26:1:0.57:0.56:1.02:0.67
E. Abstract:
20 mm = 405 kg/cum
10 mm = 612 kg/cum
r/sand = 340 kg /cum
c/sand = 334 kg/cum
water = 154 kg/cum
Admixture 0.50 % BY WT OF (C+F+MS) ASTP-1 OF BASF
Cube Compressive Strength (N/mm2)
3 days = 49.13
7 Days = 59.57
28 Days = 81.49
Note: Mix design is same for Crane bucket and Pump concrete only admixture dosage will fine tuned by 0.05 to 0.10%
We are thankful to Deshmukh D S for submitting this very useful mix design information to us.
Vent- A pipe or duct which allows the flow of air and gasses to the outside. Also, another word for the moving glass part of a window sash, i.e. window vent.
Read more...Vermiculite- A mineral used as bulk insulation and also as aggregate in insulating and acoustical plaster and in insulating concrete floors.
Read more...Veterans Administration (VA)- A federal agency that insures mortgage loans with very liberal down payment requirements for honorably discharged veterans and their surviving spouses.
Read more...Void- Cardboard rectangular boxes that are installed between the earth (between caissons) and the concrete foundation wall. Used when expansive soils are present.
Read more...Voltage- A measure of electrical potential. Most homes are wired with 110 and 220 volt lines. The 110 volt power is used for lighting and most of the other circuits. The 220 volt power is usually used for the kitchen range, hot water heater and dryer.
Read more...UL (Underwriters’ Laboratories)- An independent testing agency that checks electrical devices and other components for possible safety hazards.
Read more...Undercoat- A coating applied prior to the finishing or top coats of a paint job. It may be the first of two or the second of three coats. Sometimes called the Prime coat.
Read more...The plumbing drain and waste lines that are installed beneath a basement floor.
Read more...Underlayment- A ¼” material placed over the subfloor plywood sheeting and under finish coverings, such as vinyl flooring, to provide a smooth, even surface. Also a secondary roofing layer that is waterproof or water-resistant, installed on the roof deck and beneath shingles or other roof-finishing layer.
Read more...The area of the earth that has electric, gas, or telephone lines. These areas may be owned by the homeowner, but the utility company has the legal right to enter the area as necessary to repair or service the lines.
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Rice University Earth scientist Dale Sawyer and colleagues last month reported the discovery of a strong variation in the tectonic stresses in a region of the Pacific Ocean notorious for generating devastating earthquakes and tsunamis in southeastern Japan.
The results came from an eight-week expedition by Sawyer and 15 scientists from six countries at the Nankai Trough, about 100 miles from Kobe, Japan. Using the new scientific drilling vessel "Chikyu," the team drilled deep into a zone responsible for undersea earthquakes that have caused tsunamis and will likely cause more. They collected physical measurements and images using new rugged instruments designed to capture scientific data from deep within a well while it is being drilled.
The Nankai Trough is known as a subduction zone, because it marks the place where one tectonic plate slides beneath another. Tectonic plates are pieces of the Earth's crust, and earthquakes often occur in regions like subduction zones where plates grate and rub against one another. For reasons scientists don't yet understand, plates that should move smoothly relative to each other sometimes become locked. In spite of this, the plates continue moving and stress builds at the points where the plates are locked. The stored energy at these sites is eventually released as large earthquakes, which occur when the locked area breaks and the the plates move past one another very rapidly, creating a devastating tsunami like the one in Sumatra and the Indian Ocean three years ago.
"Earthquakes don't nucleate just anywhere," Sawyer said. "While the slip zone for quakes in this region may be hundreds of kilometers long and tens of kilometers deep, the initiation point of the big quakes is often just about five to six kilometers below the seafloor. We want to know why.”
Sawyer said scientists with the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) plan to return to the Nankai Trough aboard the Chikyu each year through 2012, with the ultimate goal of drilling a six-kilometer-deep well to explore the region where the quakes originate. If they succeed, the well will be more than three times deeper than previous wells drilled by scientific drill ships, and it will provide the first direct evidence from this geological region where tsunami-causing quakes originate.
The drilling done by Sawyer and colleagues marked the beginning of this massive project, which IODP has dubbed the Nankai Trough Seismogenic Zone Experiment, or NanTroSEIZE. In addition to the objective of drilling across the plate boundary fault, NanTroSEIZE scientists also hope to sample the rocks and fluids inside the fault, and they want to place instruments inside the fault zone to monitor activity and conditions leading up to the next great earthquake.
"The Chikyu is a brand new ship -- the largest science vessel ever constructed -- and it uses state-of-the-art drilling technology," Sawyer said.
The Chikyu is the first scientific drill ship to incorporate riser drilling technology. Pioneered by the oil industry, a riser system includes an outer casing that surrounds the drill pipe to provide return-circulation of drilling fluid to maintain balanced pressure within the borehole. The technology is necessary for drilling several thousand meters into the Earth.
Source: Rice University
Geothermal energy generation is not just limited to ground source heat pumps, construction is set to begin on the UK’s first commercial scale power station in October. Gemma Goldfingle finds out how large scale geothermal energy can be generated.
After four years in development, a 60MW geothermal power plant is finally set to get underway in Redruth, Cornwall. A planning application was submitted in March following months of consultation with local residents. Geothermal Engineering, the company behind the groundbreaking scheme is confident it will be approved.
“We have been working with the local authority for a long time and they are very keen for this sort of development to be located in the area. Residents have also been overwhelmingly positive about the scheme”, says Geothermal Engineering managing director Ryan Law.
“The area is remote so no disturbance will be caused during drilling. As the scheme is under the ground, there is no effect on aesthetics either. Plus at the end of it, residents will benefit from very low cost heating”.
While shallow drilling for geothermal energy can help heat and cool a building, deep geothermal heat and cool an entire community. The scheme works much on the same principle as shallow drilling but at much greater depths. Wells are drilled down to over 4km in depth into granite where temperatures exceed 170oC.
Water is pumped down into the rock, where it will be naturally heated, before being pumped back to the surface as hot water or steam. Heated water will be used to power turbines to generate electricity and as a renewable heat source for the local area.
Initially three wells will be drilled at Redruth. From these three wells, over 10MW of electricity will be generated, enough to power 15,000-20,000 houses, and over 50MW of thermal energy, which can power 20 hospitals. This thermal energy will be connected to a district heating system and will provide “very low cost heating” for the local area around Redruth.
“Heat is essentially a waste product for us. We are harnessing the electricity from the scheme and connecting into the grid. However, this bi-product can power an entire community”, says Law.
Deep drilling for geothermal is not new. From 1976 to 1991 the Hot Dry Rock research project was carried out in Cornwall, where water was pumped down a 2.5km well. The aim of the government funded project was to understand rock mechanics at such depths rather than generate power.
In 1991, the project moved to Soultz on the France-Germany border where it remains today, and the UK’s foray into geothermal energy came to a swift halt.
“Since the Hot Dry Rock project there has been a hiatus in the UK. In the meantime, geothermal has grown into a booming industry in many other countries including Germany, Australia and the US”, says Geothermal Engineering managing director Ryan Law.
Law cites “The Future of Geothermal Energy” report published by MIT in 2006 as a big turning point for the industry. “The world started to take notice”, he says. The report confirmed that deep geothermal could be a key energy source in the US. This started a global “heat rush”, and encouraged major investment in deep drilling schemes from both private and public investors.
At this point Law was a geotechnical engineer at consultant Arup who had worked on several shallow to medium geothermal schemes. He saw a real possibility in making large scale geothermal schemes a reality in the UK. The consultant agreed to undertake research into the technical feasibility of a scheme.
“The Hot Dry Rock project gave us lots of data so we didn’t have to carry out any drilling. We took the data apart to choose the site and the geological concept for the scheme.”
"We have an unlimited energy resource under our feet. If we can make it economically viable to drill down 6km, the whole of the Uk can be opened up." Ryan Law
In 2008, Law set up Geothermal Engineering, a company dedicated entirely to getting this project off the ground, although Arup remains a close partner on the scheme. Law brought in the greatest geothermal expertise in the UK to work on the plant, including Dr Tony Batchelor who led the original Hot Rocks Project.
To make geothermal energy commercially viable, hot granite rock needs to be found relatively close to the surface. Deep drilling is so expensive, the return on investment will be diminished if depths exceed 5km. The UK’s geology limits development to Cornwall and Devon where hot granite is found at depths of 4km.
Redruth in Cornwall is the chosen site. Firstly, the patch of land is remote so there are no neighbours to disturb during the immense drilling operation. Secondly, a fault line runs vertically through the site.
“We didn’t want to replicate the Hot Rock Project. The principle of harnessing geothermal energy centres on drawing heated water back to the surface. On the HRP, that didn’t happen at first. A further well had to be drilled to draw up the water. We can’t afford for this not to work the first time. Best practice from the Continent shows that drawback occurs when the water passes through the earth’s natural faults”, says Law.
Drilling begins in October this year on the first well. A 50m high rig will drill continuously, 24 hours a day, for four months to create the 4.5km deep well which will intersect with the natural fault. These rigs are designed for the oil and gas industry and have an enormous 350MT pulling power.
Water will then be pumped into the 914mm hole which narrows to 203mm at the base. At this point, unlike the Hot Dry Rock project, testing will be carried out to find out how water travels through the hot rock.
Geothermal Engineering is working with Durham University and the British Geological Society to monitor the waters journey through the fractures in the granite. Some 15 seisometers will be used at surface level to pick up seismic movements and generate a 3D view mapping how the reservoir has developed.
This allows certainty in the location of the two further wells which will draw the heated water back out. At surface level the wells will only be 5m apart. The drill will be angled to hit the water channel created which could travel as far as 1km from the original well.
The three wells will generate more than 10MW of electricity and around 50MW of thermal energy
Deep drilling is not cheap; the three wells at Redruth will cost £40M. The scheme was awarded £1.475M from the first tranche of the Department of Energy and Climate Change’s (DECC) Deep Geothermal Challenge Fund. A total of £6M is up for grabs for geothermal projects across the UK.
Law is hoping Redruth will benefit further from the government fund when the next tranche of awards is announced. Both European Commission and regional development agency funding is also being sought, although private investment is set to bankroll the bulk of the scheme.
“Government financing is languishing behind other countries. Obama has pledged $330M into deep geothermal and the Australian Government match private investment funding to kickstart the industry”, says Law.
Geothermal Engineering is currently in talks with many potential investors, including large oil and gas companies, renewables firms and private equity companies. He remains confident that the finance will be secured.
“We will be drilling in October”, Law emphasises. “The rig has been ordered, it’s happening. Of course geothermal has high start up costs but it produces a lot of electricity from just three wells. As well as the 5p per kilowatt-hour (kW/h) from the electricity produced, investors also get 1.5pkW/h from the heat produced following the introduction of the Renewable Heat Incentive”.
The geothermal plant takes relatively little time to set up. Despite the extra testing needed on this start-up project, Redruth will be operational by 2013, before both the first new nuclear power plant and any Round Three offshore wind farms.
If the three wells prove successful, the plan is to produce over 30 more plants across Devon and Cornwall.
“We have an unlimited energy resource under our feet, ready to be harnessed. If we can make it economically viable to drill down to 6km, as MIT say we can, then the whole of the UK can be opened up”, says Law.
Businesses » Companies
Global collaboration on the Panama Canal expansion project
Thursday, 07.29.2010, 03:25pm (GMT)
Aconex, the world’s largest provider of project collaboration solutions to the construction and engineering industries, has been selected to service the US$3.2 billion Panama Canal Third Set of Locks Project. The web-based Aconex system will provide all the organizations engaged on the program with a central platform for managing information and project communication.
The new set of locks, at the heart of the $5.25 billion expansion of the Panama Canal, will allow the waterway to double its shipping capacity by 2025. The project involves the construction of two new lock complexes – one on the Pacific and one on the Atlantic side of the Canal – that will be 40 percent longer and 60 percent wider than the originals. Each lock will have three chambers and each chamber will have three water recycling basins. The expansion program is scheduled for completion in 2014, 100 years after the canal first opened.
Aconex CEO, Leigh Jasper, said, “The Panama Canal Expansion is one of the world’s great engineering projects and so we are proud to be supporting its delivery. Over the past ten years, Aconex has built an unparalleled ability to service complex, multi-billion dollar projects such as this one. The challenges that these projects face – such as linking global business partners, managing risk and ensuring compliance with stakeholder requirements – make it essential to have an effective, neutral and professionally-managed collaboration platform to control the flow of information.”
The Expansion project team comprises leading international contractors and consultants. The Panama Canal Authority (ACP), which operates the Canal, appointed CH2M Hill of the United States as Program Manager. Grupo Unidos por el Canal (“Grupo”) – a joint venture consortium of Impregilo of Italy, Sacyr Vallehermoso of Spain, Jan de Nul Group of Belgium and Constructora Urbana of Panama – was awarded the design and build contract. The design consortium, CICP, is led by MWH Global and includes participants from the U.S., Argentina, Italy and the Netherlands.
Jasper said, “The project team will be made up of hundreds of participants based across the Americas and Europe, that will need to exchange tens of thousands of documents and correspondence items each month. As a result, efficient collaboration between parties will be integral to the project’s success.
“Aconex will provide a secure, common platform for project communication that will link all the entities. All project members will be able to access, distribute and track their documents and correspondence in real time, regardless of their location.
“This will save time by enabling fast access to information, reduce printing and distribution costs, and reduce exposure to risks such as disputes and delays. Most importantly, throughout the program’s lifecycle, all parties will have the confidence that their project information is accessible, accurate and secure.”
Jasper added, “Our philosophy has always been that providing the technology is only part of the solution. On every project, we aim to drive high rates of adoption and usage. Users can access the system in Spanish, English or one of the other available languages. In addition, through our global network of offices, we provide full training and unlimited support to all project participants, ensuring that every organization on the project derives maximum value from using Aconex.”
From its 37 offices worldwide, Aconex services US$220 billion worth of projects in 65 countries. Its clients include AECOM, Parsons Brinckerhoff, IKEA, Las Vegas Sands and McDonald's Restaurants.
The Hoover Dam bypass bridge looks spectacular, stretching 1,900 feet across Black Canyon and 900 feet above the churning Colorado River. Tourists visiting the world-famous Hoover Dam can't help but swing around and snap photos of the new span high above.
Long before its completion, it was labeled a "civil engineering marvel."
Perhaps the toughest challenges associated with building the long-awaited bridge linking Arizona and Nevada had less to do with technology and the daunting dimensions and more to do with respecting the true engineering marvel 1,500 feet upstream. At least that is the opinion of one well-respected civil engineer.
"I think the challenge was to make it come up to the iconic standards of the Hoover Dam, building something in such close proximity to a world-class structure like that," said Henry Petroski, a civil engineering professor at Duke University. "The engineers involved were very conscious of this, that they were working with a site that had to be respected."
Although the staggering size and prominence of the span finds itself the centerpiece of photographs, it is still the 75-year-old Hoover Dam that lures tourists away from the glitz and glamour of the Strip.
The $240 million bridge has taken nine years to materialize from the drawing board. When it opens to traffic, now scheduled for next week , it will be a relief to commuters, to interstate travelers and, especially, to the truckers who for nine years have taken the long way through Laughlin to deliver their goods to Las Vegas. The opening also is highly anticipated by locals and tourists, who are anxious to catch a view of Hoover Dam only previously available by helicopter.
While the bridge is majestic in its own right, it hasn't stolen the spotlight from its famous neighbor.
"Bridges similar to that were built before," said Bill Bahrenburg, a Long Island, N.Y., resident who recently toured the dam with his wife, Coretta. "But the dam was built in the 1930s, before they had all that equipment."
The equipment used to build the largest concrete arch bridge in the Western Hemisphere obviously is far more advanced than what was available to workers during the Depression-era construction of the dam.
But the methods employed to put the bridge in place were borrowed from projects that date back to the 1800s, Petroski said. For example, the cable system that held the 1,060-foot concrete arch in place on the bypass span was the same method adopted by crews who built the Eads Bridge across the Mississippi River in 1874.
High-line cranes that lifted and moved heavy equipment, columns and concrete blocks around the canyon were similar to the cableway system workers used to build Hoover Dam, Petroski said.
"They had certain advantages; they were not using exactly the methods they did for the dam, but they were virtually identical," Petroski said. "More brute force was used back in the earlier times."
CHOOSING A DESIGN
Petroski acknowledges that building the bypass bridge was a "world-class challenge" because of the steep canyon walls and rough terrain. He simply asserts that respecting the engineering phenomenon that is the Hoover Dam posed greater challenges for the engineers.
Dave Zanetell, the project manager of the bridge, recognized that early on.
"We are in the shadow of Hoover Dam," he said. "We are not only building a very tough civil works project, but we're doing it in the shadow of the greatest civil engineering project ever created. It creates a heavy standard of responsibility."
Aesthetics are vital to communities adjacent to major projects such as bridges. In the San Francisco Bay Area, the Golden Gate Bridge is a must-see destination for tourists around the world. So when there were plans to expand its more utilitarian cousin, the San Francisco Bay Bridge, Oakland city officials fought for a design that approached that attractiveness of the Golden Gate.
"The Hoover Dam bridge is out in the middle of nowhere," Petroski said. "There are no cities so civic pride may or may not play the same role. Those who identify with the dam and see it as an engineering marvel, to them it was important how it looks."
A steel bridge might have been a less expensive option for the team of architects charged with designing the bypass, but it was never seriously considered because of concerns it would take away from the historic attraction. Petroski also said that at the time the bridge was being designed, only eight steel arch bridges existed in North America and only five spanned more than 1,100 feet.
The project management team settled on the concrete bridge because it best complimented the dam.
Hoover Dam is also an arched structure, so the arched bridge offers symmetry that might not be apparent to the average observer.
Even the location of the new bridge was debated. One proposal called for a span over Lake Mead, but concerns about trucking accidents causing hazardous materials to spill into the region's water supply quashed that idea.
Building it farther downstream near Davis Dam was discussed but ultimately rejected because, among other reasons, of the longer, circuitous route.
A MUCH-NEEDED ROAD
The federal government identified a need to improve Highway 93 near the dam 40 years ago. But the project didn't start to move forward until the mid-1990s when it was listed as a high priority corridor in the National Highway System Designation Act of 1995 and designated a part of the North American Free Trade Agreement route.
The highway was considered dangerous because of the increasing number of vehicles passing along it and the sharp switchbacks on the approach to the dam.
Since the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, tractor-trailers have been prohibited from crossing the dam, instead traveling nearly 30 miles out of their way through Laughlin. Before the restrictions, 14,000 trucks and vehicles crossed the dam each day, according to the Federal Highway Administration.
In early 2005, construction finally began on the bypass bridge, which was formally named the Mike O'Callaghan-Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge. O'Callaghan was a decorated Korean War veteran who served as Nevada's governor from 1971 to 1979. Tillman, who left his pro football career with the Arizona Cardinals to serve as an Army Ranger, was killed by friendly fire in Afghanistan.
As the bridge was being built and trucking restrictions across the dam remained in place, commuters might have been pleased they didn't have to share the road with tractor-trailers, even if the security checkpoints and construction often tied up traffic crossing the dam.
But the restrictions impacted every consumer in the state, according to Paul Enos, chief executive officer of the Nevada Transport Association. Higher fuel and transportation costs were blamed for the increase in the price of fruits and vegetables in recent years, Enos said.
"When 90 percent of our manufactured goods arrive exclusively by truck, then you see an impact," Enos said. The detour "has absolutely had an impact on our industry."
"Truckers are going to take the route that is most efficient in time and money and operations and that is the new bridge."
The bridge is expected to trim some 45 minutes off the drive to Kingman, Ariz., although with delays that have plagued motorists for the past two years, the amount of time saved might actually be more than an hour.
Quicker travel times are also expected to open the door to new developments -- bedroom communities to Las Vegas in Arizona just south of Hoover Dam -- should the economy turn around.
As the construction of the bypass bridge progressed, development companies began marketing White Hills, just across the border in Arizona, saying that residents of equestrian communities just off Highway 93 could make it to the Strip in an hour.
DON'T BE SCARED
It's no secret that winds tear through the gorge. If that was ever in doubt, gusts of more than 50 mph toppled a high-line construction crane working on the bridge in 2006.
The bridge is designed to withstand 100 mph winds.
But tractor-trailers and high-profile vehicles will be prohibited from crossing the bridge when meters installed on and around the span clock sustained winds at 40 mph hours or gusts up to 50 mph, according to Mary Martini, district engineer for the Nevada Department of Transportation. Truckers will be warned of the restrictions via digital messaging signs posted 100 miles away in Utah, California and Arizona, allowing them ample time to choose an alternate route.
Enos said he anticipates that truckers -- and vehicles hauling trailers -- will face high-wind restrictions about 26 days out of the year.
Recent tests showed that the 54-inch solid concrete barrier on either side of the bridge protects cars from high winds. Martini said when gusts push against the concrete, they shoot upward away from traffic.
"Regular vehicles will always be able to go across the bridge," she said. "They will be protected because they are lower than the bridge rail."
The barriers also should ease the anxiety of drivers afraid of heights. The guard rails are so high that motorists crossing the bridge will not even know when they are crossing the gorge, Martini said.
Those guardrails are also designed to keep curious motorists from slowing down to take a peek of Hoover Dam. In order to see the dam from the bridge, drivers must exit on the Nevada side, where a new parking lot and interpretive path has been constructed. Pedestrians will be able to walk along the upstream side of the bridge, which offers a spectacular view of the dam.
"The original design had no walkways at all," Martini said. "Adding width to a bridge is costly."
THOSE DAM TOURISTS
Once the bypass bridge opens to traffic, Hoover Dam will no longer be accessible from the Arizona side.
Visitors coming from Arizona will have to cross the bypass bridge and take the existing road to the dam's visitor's center.
The question is what will happen to visitation numbers at Hoover Dam: Are tourists drawn to the dam to appreciate the engineering and take in the impressive view of Black Canyon? Or do they go to the dam because it is the primary route from Arizona to Las Vegas?
"Hoover Dam was always meant to be a tourist attraction. The minute it got under way the government was selling it as a tourist attraction," said Dennis McBride, curator of collections and history for the Nevada State Museum in Las Vegas. "This will certainly have an impact.
"I think a lot of people have gotten to the dam, seen what the traffic is like and just pulled off and hung around until it lightened up."
Visitors will be permitted to park at the visitor's center or drive across to the Arizona side and park. But there will no longer be a through road. A marked exit from U.S. 93 will guide motorists to the dam on the north side of the bridge.
"Getting to the dam will be more of a chore," McBride said. "I definitely think the tourist numbers will go down. People are on the way from here to there; they aren't going to stop."
Contact reporter Adrienne Packer at apacker@reviewjournal.com or 702-387-2904
The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ) oversees some of the largest and busiest transportation facilities in the country. The aviation network carries approximately 107 million passengers, ships 1.3 million tons of air cargo, and includes 1.3 million flights on an annual basis. The five-airport system covers about 11,000 acres and includes approximately 20 miles of runway, 50 miles of taxiway, and 70 acres of apron pavement. The port facilities include six container terminals covering more than 1,300 acres. The tunnel and bridge system includes four interstate bridges and two tunnels, which carry approximately a quarter billion vehicles each year. For instance, the George Washington Bridge carried more than 100 million vehicles in 2009 and almost 10 percent of these vehicles were trucks.
As these facilities age and the need for rehabilitation increases, it is critical that the designs developed consider facility disruption and life-cycle cost to minimize wherever possible the impact on the public both within the region and beyond. The agency continually strives to deliver engineering designs for infrastructure projects that reflect the latest industry standards and are cost effective and sustainable. As the industry moves toward greater adoption of sustainable civil engineering practices, the PANYNJ has implemented practices described in this article that minimize environmental impacts, including stormwater management, reuse of materials and onsite recycling, trenchless technologies, pavement management, and wetland mitigation.
Stormwater management
The PANYNJ has implemented numerous best practices in stormwater management at its facilities throughout the agency. These include extensive use of manufactured treatment devices, infiltration trenches, underground detention, and the use of pervious pavement. Each project is evaluated based on regulatory requirements, environmental impacts, and potential impacts on cost and schedule before the decision is made on which systems to utilize.
At Stewart International Airport (SWF) in Orange County, N.Y., a fast-track design and construction project was initiated in August 2007 to complete a new parking lot within a three-month window. To expedite the permit process, the parking lot was designed using a pervious asphalt pavement system resulting in 100 percent of all stormwater infiltrating onsite. The 3-acre parking lot was completed on schedule in November 2007.
A second SWF project involved a 6-acre expansion of the main terminal parking lot. This lot also used a pervious asphalt pavement system and had an extensive subsurface stormwater drainage collection system. This system consisted of infiltration trenches, a sub-base with large voids, extensive use of rain tanks with filter fabric, as well as an extensive sub-drain system. This system infiltrated 100 percent of all stormwater at the site with no connection to the existing storm drainage system. The irrigation system uses collected rainwater from a central cistern and is equipped with solar-powered irrigation pumps.
Warm-mix asphalt
The PANYNJ initiated the use of warm-mix asphalt on a recent parking lot and roadway rehabilitation project. The environmental benefits of warm-mix asphalt include less energy consumption and fewer emissions during production; fewer emissions during construction; less equipment required and, consequently, fewer emissions during pavement construction; and potential enhanced durability. Recent warm-mix contracts were a parking lot rehabilitation at Newark Liberty International Airport and rehabilitation of the main restricted vehicle service road at John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK).
Trenchless technology
The PANYNJ has used trenchless technology since 1991 on various projects. Trenchless technology reduces the amount of material removed and displaced, which reduces the energy required to construct compared with open-cut methods. Additionally, this technology reduces disruption to the site, which minimizes traffic congestion and air pollution during construction. At JFK, microtunneling was used to install power, water, and sanitary sewer lines both in the central terminal area and on the airfield. At Newark Liberty International Airport (EWR), a major microtunnelling project involved installing a new 20-inch water main to provide a redundant supply to the airport. This project was located under a major thoroughfare in New Jersey, Route 1 & 9, and crossed under 10 lanes of traffic.
At SWF, the sanitary sewer system had a significant infiltration problem, which was overloading the local town treatment facility. The PANYNJ Engineering Department evaluated the system and looked at various repair and replacement options. Two trenchless technologies were chosen as the final design solution. Pipe bursting was used to replace the main trunk lines and a cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) was used for a 700-foot section that was adjacent to building foundations. The use of these technologies minimized the need for excavation and had the added benefit of minimizing disruption to the airport. Approximately 4,000 feet of 6- and 8-inch pipe were replaced or lined using these technologies.
Wetland mitigation
The PANYNJ initiated a major project to improve rail access to the Port Newark and the Elizabeth Port Authority Marine Terminal. This included providing support track to accommodate 2-mile-long trains and to integrate the rail traffic to and from the PANYNJ’s three ExpressRail facilities. As part of the environmental permit required for the project, a stormwater management system needed to be installed and a wetland mitigation area needed to be developed. An underground detention system was designed using five 48-inch concrete pipes, 250 feet in length. The water then went to a stormwater filtration device before discharging into the wetlands. A wetland mitigation area was also constructed in an adjacent area to comply with all permit requirements. This mitigation area included planting areas for Baccharis Halimifolia and Spartina Alerniflora.
Onsite material recycling
In preparation for the arrival of the A380 airplane, the centerline of one of the main taxiways at JFK needed to be shifted 16 feet for a total length of approximately 4 miles. A detailed study was conducted to evaluate the potential reuse of existing asphalt, lime cement fly ash pavements, and sandy subgrade soil. It was determined that the existing pavements could be reused onsite as a base course for the new pavement. The pavement was removed, crushed, treated with portland cement, and remixed onsite, and a rigorous testing program was followed to ensure all specification requirements were met. This eliminated the need for approximately 25,000 cubic yards of virgin material, and saved approximately $2 million in construction costs as well as significantly reduced truck traffic for aggregate delivery.
Construction debris recycling
Since January 2009, all PANYNJ contracts require the contractor to submit a Construction Debris Recycling Plan. This plan requires the contractor to provide documentation that 75 percent (by weight) of all steel, asphalt, concrete, and clean soil is recycled on a project-by-project basis. This goal has been met since the contract specification was introduced.
Pavement management
The PANYNJ has a comprehensive pavement management system that is used to manage rehabilitation and replacement of all PANYNJ pavements. Pavements are inspected on a regular cycle and pavement condition indices are developed. This information is combined with repair history and original construction documents to develop the type and recommended year for rehabilitation. This system ensures that pavements are rehabilitated at the correct time and funds are properly expended. Preventive maintenance such as sealcoats and thin overlays are also recommended where appropriate to extend pavement life and enhance pavement life cycle. Utility systems are also evaluated and replaced where appropriate to eliminate having to disrupt the area prior to the next pavement rehabilitation.
At the George Washington Bridge, all truck traffic has been required to use the upper level roadway since Sept. 11, 2001. The pavement consists of a 2-inch asphalt wearing course over a steel orthotropic deck. This additional truck traffic resulted in a reduced pavement life and required additional facility maintenance resulting in additional facility disruption. A study was undertaken to evaluate the potential for a high-performance, low-maintenance, more durable pavement system. After extensive testing, an asphalt mix was developed that included an additive — Rosphalt 50, as manufactured by Pittsburgh-based Chase Specialty Coatings. This mix was included in a major rehabilitation of the eastbound upper level in 2008. Since that time, it has also been included on the New Jersey approach to the Lincoln Tunnel and is currently being placed on the westbound lower level of the George Washington Bridge. This pavement has low air voids and also inhibits moisture from reaching the steel deck.
Sustainable infrastructure guidelines
Although there were many sustainable infrastructure initiatives under way throughout the agency, there was no central tracking mechanism to document their use. In addition, there was no centralized standard or reference document of these strategies for staff and consultants to use. To ensure that all potential sustainable infrastructure initiatives were evaluated on a project-by-project basis and to document these initiatives, the PANYNJ initiated an effort in 2009 to establish sustainable infrastructure guidelines for the agency. An interdepartmental team was established to spearhead this effort. Existing infrastructure guidelines in use by other agencies were evaluated for potential use by the PANYNJ. Because of the variety of facility types and the nature of the contracts at the PANYNJ, it was determined that we would need to develop a guideline specific for the agency. It was also determined that the guidelines needed to be flexible to reflect the variation in the type of work that is done from basic rehabilitation to major capital construction.
CE News presents this annual special report to help civil engineers begin sorting through all of the pipe choices they face when designing water and tunnel projects. National associations representing concrete, concrete pressure, corrugated steel, ductile iron, fiberglass, polyethylene, PVC, and vitrified clay pipe manufacturers provided information about recent projects featuring each type of pipe.
Pipe manufacturer lists have been compiled from association member lists as well as outside sources. Contact manufacturers for information about product lines, specifications, and manufacturing and distribution locations. To update, correct, or add a listing, contact Editor Bob Drake at bdrake@stagnitomedia.com.
Concrete pipe
Q: Briefly describe a recent significant project that used concrete pipe.
A: A 5-1/2-mile portion of Utah State Route 92 is being reconstructed and widened in 2010 as an expressway to improve mobility. The design-build project includes commuter lanes to provide direct access to I-15 without signalized intersections. Since post-installation testing of joints was a critical specification for the project, nearly 12 miles of concrete pipe were used based on the pipe’s ability to meet the tests.
Approximately 300 feet of 72-inch, Class 5 concrete jacking pipe was used on the Utah SR-92 project.
Different types of concrete pipe — reinforced, non-reinforced, and jacking pipe — were used for different sections of the project, all with gasketed joints for a water-tight connection. Nearly eight miles of 18-inch to 36-inch-diameter non-reinforced concrete pipe (NRCP) are being used on the project. NRCP was chosen for its cost, which was lower than the alternative materials. Additionally, the designer and contractor chose to use in-line concrete tees instead of manholes and cleanouts. These underground junctions saved money and provided convenient access locations for future maintenance. This project was an example that design-build projects need to be built to a performance standard.
Q: What characteristics of concrete pipe made it particularly suitablefor this project?
A: Approximately 300 feet of 72-inch, Class 5 concrete jacking pipe was used on the SR-92 project. The pipe was made with self-consolidating concrete (SCC) for improved outer smoothness and end squareness. The finished grade of the jacked pipe was constructed to within 0.02 inches of the design grade, demonstrating that concrete pipe can be jacked without an exterior casing. Where standard open-excavation installation techniques may not be feasible, concrete jacking pipe becomes an option. The use of SCC makes for a smooth pipe exterior that allows the contractor to push the pipe further with less force. The lubricant connections that were designed into the pipe allow the contractor to pump lubricant onto the outer surface if needed.
Although steel bell bands are not required, they allow a higher surface area of the pipe and much better end squareness between joints. Both of these features provide the contractor with additional stability and directional control that helps control alignment and grade. By providing a greater surface area of concrete for the connection between joints than a typical bell and spigot joint, the pipe has a much higher axial thrust capacity.
Q: What performance properties of concrete pipe set it apart from other types of pipe?
A: Reinforced concrete pipe has more than one jointing system to meet design needs. Key performance characteristics of joint design include resistance to infiltration and exfiltration; accommodation of lateral or longitudinal movement; strength to handle shear or vertical movement; pipeline continuity and smooth flow line; and ease of installation.
The architecture firm responded with a collection of timber boxes surrounding the existing main beach house. Although it’s not exactly bare bones,this beach house architecture really focuses on the key necessities comfortable spaces with easy outdoor access and of course, outdoor decks, balconies and living spaces from which to enjoy the tree top views.For Andrew Maynard Architects, a holiday home in Anglesea VIC, the clients requirement was simple: more space for their growing and aging family. The design response to the home was a series of finely-crafted multi-functional timber boxes nestled around the existing house. A Northern box addition allows winter sun to penetrate deep within the home’s interior, warming the concrete slab provided for thermal mass. Bright colour finishes at the ground level enliven the interior to create a playful, leisurely and carefree characteristic that such a house should embody.
Read more...This is a modern architectural residence designed by Nikos Koukourakis known as Greek architect. a residence located in the suburb of Dionyssos in the prefecture of Attica, Greece.What a different appear on this home designed looked at big opening to a flat garden which has relationship between garden and communal areas. The relationship which the architect has created through the large openings, the internal bridge as well as the selection of materials, allows for abundant natural sunlight to travel within every space of the house. Koukourakis, has managed to eliminate through this design the amount of energy which in any other case would be needed to illuminate the house through artificial rather than natural lighting. Moreover, the residence has been designed and built according to sustainable architectural design principles.
For a sustainable architectural design, attention has been given to the building’s orientation; the building has glass openings which face the south. An insulation system for the facade has been chosen to meet the needs of the residence. Aluminum windows with a thermal break system and triplex glass, allow for heat not to escape the house and therefore saves a notable amount of energy during the cold, winter months. Nearly 70% of the lighting fixtures within the residence use LED technology therefore presenting many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size, faster switching and greater durability and reliability. Furthermore, the house has been designed with a domotic – smart house system which allows for further benefits in energy consumption. Finally, it is clearly visible that materials and the functional requirements have determined the construction result.
The white volumes of the building, the bridge, the clean cut lines and the openings dominate, as they stand out, rather than being dissolved in the lush green setting. A clear example of a modern designed residence as emphasis has been given to horizontal and vertical lines; ornament is created by using the structure and the theme of the building, rather than adding ornamentation which has been clearly rejected in the interior and exterior of this residence. By creating an optical “void,” the perimetric openings add further volume by making distinctive the foreground and the background of the architectural design. The foreground and the background give off a feeling of openness and exposure to light, to nature – the garden, and to the pool. Secludedness and isolation is minimized through the permanent dialogue of the interior and the exterior.
Moreover, the interior design, the selection of materials, the lighting study, as well as fixtures have been designed or selected by the architect. One is to enter the house from a bridge which connects the gateway entrance to the main entrance of the house; this entrance bridge runs halfway through the house to lead to an oak wood staircase with a hardwood organically shaped handrail which leads to the ground floor. The ground floor consists of the communal areas such as a main living room with a double height ceiling of 5.70 meters, a dining room, the kitchen, the guest bathroom and a restricted area, which is no other than the housekeepers room with an en-suite bathroom. The floors throughout most of the areas of the house are hardwood oak boards polished in matte stain. The selection of furniture in the ground floor keeps the minimal, clean cut forms of the house, and contrasts with the cool white walls and the hardwood oak flooring.
The first and the second floor of the house include more private areas such as two bedrooms with private bathrooms and a small living room with an office located on the first floor. While the second floor consists of a master bedroom, a walk-in closet and two separate bathrooms with showers. Furthermore, the second floor includes a mini-spa steam room with aromatherapy and light therapy. Throughout the remaining floors the height of ceilings has been kept at 2.90 meters. The residence also includes a semi-basement which includes the playroom and guestrooms, as well as a basement with parking space, storage room, and a computer room. The residence was originally designed in a 3-D CAD software to provide the clients with a better understanding of the spaces and their interaction with the final built environment.
Tandem Design Studio is an Australia-based architecture company which has built a wonderful central courtyard house design. It is a 1700 square feet home. This small and compact home makes an effective use of the vertical space for convenience, comfort and modern style in a small space however somehow roomy package. The interiors of the home are simple and clean and are furnished with timber. The homes two main areas are sunshells, which are linked by the central courtyard. The west side of the home has the main entrance, kitchen, living area and dinning room. The upstairs of the home has guest room, bathroom and study room which make comfortable guest rooms.
Read more...Yukiharu Suzuki & Associates architecture firm has built a new barn style home. This beautiful home has a homey twist which makes it an inspiring living and working place. This is a three-storey wooden and concrete ban home which is built on a hillside, which provides wonderful views of the skyline and the sea. From the outside of the home’s extraordinary slat-style facades let the interior light to permeate out, providing the home a light and glowing effect. Interior of the house is a wide open-style space, open to above with uncovered wood posts and beams which provides it a workshop effect and style. It is designed with the combination of Japanese and modern style.
Read more...Vivian Dwyer from Dwyer Design has come up with a wonderful home made of timer that can be termed as the best at all times. The house was first built in 1960 with a radius of 1000 sq. feet by Daniel Liebermann which has now been given a new look with modern amenities. The kitchen was redone and concrete floors were added, metal pipes, wood beams, bricks were exposed on the walls and were covered with clean plaster to have a cool look. The house is known as the “Radius House” due to its radius. The glass walls helps in adding a lot to the house and makes it look amazing.
Read more...The Mill Valley in California is a perfect blend of the urban conveniences and country charm nicely packed in the eco sustainable packages. The place has been designed by SB Architects based in San Francisco. The place is surrounded by trees from all the sides marking the Western Red Cedar and is located across “The Golden Gate Bridge”. Inside the house you will get all star rated products and appliances, fixture with low flow plumbing, cabinetry and harvested floors. The house has been certified by the LEED for the “Home Platinum Rating” that makes it exceptional in Northern California.
Read more...Modern Architecture villa design base on vintage architecture home which look at roof line houses of the region. L-shape made a modern villa has large space for furniture and accessories to decorate interior of villa design. Modern architecture villa located at Marbella Spain has rotated layout gives privacy from the neighbors to the right and takes in the view to the left. The lay of the land and the desire to be private but retain the views. Modern Architecture Villa Anthony also recognized as green architecture design cause located at place which far from pollution.
Read more...Architecture Design Villa San Valentino by Architect Stephan Unger
Austrian architect Stephan Unger built this outstanding villa in Merano-Alto Adige, Italy. As a modern residential design, Villa San Valentino demonstrates a traditional architecture style on the outside with a structure which is perfectly integrated in its landscape environment. The architects’ main objective was to “plan a bi-familiar house on high architectonic level for the cohabitation of 3 generations with common spaces”. In doing so, the architect projected this villa in a unique shape featuring a three-dimensional facade said to “answer to the characteristics of local mountains”. As a result, the unique villa comes out in a design that really blend with the surrounding, featuring beautiful floor to ceiling windows that ensure good lighting throughout the day and serve as the energy efficient concept.
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